Designers are often facing prescribed requirements concerning daylight in atria. For the accurate prediction of the illuminances the designers should employ either computer simulations or apply empirical equations. This study compares results obtained by a practical design procedure and...

According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), the largest use of energy in commercial buildings is space heating in colder climates and air conditioning in hot climates. In Europe, the Directive on the energy performance of buildings EPBD (European Energy Performance of...