Reference prices have long been studied in applied economics and business research. One of the classic formulations of the reference price is in terms of an iterative function of past prices. There are a number of limitations of such a formulation, however. Such limitations include burdensome...

Substitution decisions have been examined from a variety of perspectives. The economics literature measures cross-price elasticity, operations research models optimal assortments, the psychology literature studies goals in conflict, and marketing research has examined substitution-in-use, brand...

In recent years, the flow of solid wastes in all over the world has been increasing. There is no question, that, this trend poses ever-increasing problems for society. Already, many cities are having trouble in disposing of mounting heaps of trash. Neighboring areas are reluctant to serve as the...