Various meta-analytical approaches have been applied to evaluate putative surrogate endpoints (S) of primary clinical endpoints (T), however a systematic assessment of their performance is lacking. Existing methods in the meta-analytic framework can be grouped into two types--conventional and...

Evaluation of candidate surrogate endpoints using individual patient data from multiple clinical trials is considered the gold standard approach to validate surrogates at both patient and trial levels. However, this approach assumes the availability of patient-level data from a relatively large...

Interaction effects have been consistently found important in explaining the variation in outcomes in many scientific research fields. Yet, in practice, variable selection including interactions is complicated due to the limited sample size, conflicting philosophies regarding model...