Traditionally, manufacturing enterprises pay flat rates for each kiloWatt-hour (kWh) of electricity consumed. Newly available electric tariffs that charge both energy consumption (in kWh) and peak demand (in kiloWatts, i.e., kW) with varying time-of-use (TOU) rates have started to gain...

Many countries are pursuing greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies resulting in the increase of use of renewable sources in the electricity sector to mitigate CO2 emissions. Nuclear energy is a non-emitting CO2 source that could be used as part of that policy. However, its main drawback is the...

Energy can be produced from mixing waters with different salinity in reverse electrodialysis (RED). Technological improvements make RED gaining momentum as a technically viable option for baseload renewable energy generation. In this paper a model is presented for three different RED...

The European Union has established challenging targets for the share of renewable energies to be achieved by 2020; for Spain, 20% of the final energy consumption must be from renewable sources at such time. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the consequences for the electricity sector (in...

Manufacturing employment has continuously declined in developed economies for more than decade time, but service sector in turn has significantly grown. Services also include warehousing, which connects customers and globally concentrated manufacturing units together. In this manuscript we...

A curious ownership structure is found in Northern Europe – foundations that own <p> and operate business companies. The foundations are non-profit entities, they have no <p> members and no owners, and they cannot be dissolved, but regard it as a goal in itself <p> to run a business. In many cases...</p></p></p>

The rationale and policy proposed by two collaborating projects is to increase innovation through improved connectivity among SMEs within Northern European supply chains. To inform project policy, we test the hypothesis "improvement in broadly defined connectivity as online business activity,...

The milk sector has received much attention in Europe due to the abolishment of milk quotas in 2015 and its potential effect on the geographical distribution of milk production across countries. As a way of assessing the competitive advantage of Nordic EU countries, we investigated the...

Roundwood markets in Northern Europe have changed significantly due to the enlargement of EU in 1995 and 2004, and the formation of a common currency union between the 12 EU countries in 2001. However, wider research on the larger context of interaction between national markets in European Union...