The effect of temperature and catalyst concentration on palm oil ethanolysis using 0.2 to 1 wt% NaOH based on the mass of palm oil was studied at temperatures ranging from 60 to 80 °C, keeping constant the ethanol to oil molar ratio (6:1). A 100% conversion of palm oil and a 96% yield of FAEE...

A model of downdraft gasifier has been described considering thermodynamic equilibrium of species in the pyro-oxidation zone and kinetically controlled reduction reactions in the reduction zone. It is found that the sole use of cow dung as the gasifier fuel is not technically feasible. This is...

The study performed aimed at analysing possible routes for pyrolysis reaction mechanisms of polymeric materials namely RT (rubber tyre) and plastic wastes (PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene) and PS (polystyrene)). Consequently, and seeking sustainable transformation of waste streams into...

The influences of alkali and alkali–earth salts on the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In the presence of alkali and alkali–earth salts, the combustion of MSW become easier than that of non-catalyzed MSW. By comparing the...

In this article, we use a kinetic description to study the effect of different psychologies on the evolution of the opinion with respect to a binary choice, in a closed group. We show that the interaction between individuals with different reactions regarding the exchange of opinion induces...

Callus induced from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides, a medicinal woody plant, was cultivated to produce a factor capable of enhancing collagen synthesis in animal cells (FECS). However, the callus was too rigid to be divided into small pieces by a hydrodynamic force during the cultivation, which...

Catalytic naphtha reforming process is a vital process for refineries due to the production of high-octane components, which is intensely demanded in our modern life. The significance of this industrial process induced researchers to investigate different aspects of catalytic naphtha reforming...

A microscopic lattice gas model for ultra-thin film dynamics is developed and applied to the case of heteroepitaxial growth. A set of non-linear kinetic equations for average occupations of adsorption sites in 3D lattice is studied analytically in a continual limit. It is found that within a...

Waste papers (newspaper, office paper, magazines and cardboard in this study) with 50–73% (w/w oven dry weight) carbohydrate contents have considerable potential as raw materials for bioethanol production. A particle size reduction step of wet blending prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of...

The esterification of oleic acid in subcritical methanol catalyzed by zinc acetate was investigated in a batch-type autoclave. The effect of reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, reaction time and molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol on the esterification was examined. The oleic...