Double helix DNA molecules, the carriers of genetic instructions in cells, are strongly affected by their topological properties. Two distinct and biologically important types of linking are associated with double helix DNAs: ‘internal’ linking of the two strands of individual double...

We have analysed protein coding and intergenic sequences in the Borrelia burgdorferi (the Lyme disease bacterium) genome using different kinds of DNA walks. Genes occupying the leading strand of DNA have significantly different nucleotide composition from genes occupying the lagging strand....

The aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of teaching fillers to students in ESL / EFL classrooms, and investigate whether students use fillers after they have been taught and if so, which fillers they tend to use and why. Although there might be no teaching issue for acquisition of...

The Darwinian triplet variation/selection/amplification made material systems evolve. Evolution created functions, that captured structures to be actualised. Finally, the blueprints for structures were imbedded into DNA sequences. The time course and orientation of this process has an important...