so early here specifically; how markets were organised as institutions and how they functioned. It will be demonstrated … that the markets here had a favourable organisation, with low transaction costs, a high level of integration of the markets … and a large degree of certainty for parties entering these markets. Nevertheless, the consequences of the rise of the …

consumption, which had always existed in the countryside, in some places rural industries aimed at non-local markets developed as …

organization of markets. We argue that the relative ease of trade and communication combined with economic competition between …

in the Low Countries and Italy, it is shown that these older monasteries could adapt and reinvent themselves to stave off …

–plant firms with their use of bills-of-exchange; the Bautier-Verlinden model on the ‘industrialization of 14th century Italy’; and …