Le concept d'externalité, malgré sa place croissante dans la théorie économique, semble se dérober à toute tentative de définition rigoureuse et consensuelle, et ce depuis l'article fondateur de Meade jusqu'aux travaux de Arrow. L'assimilation de l'externalité à une "interaction...

The most important allowances markets ? for SO<indice>2</indice> in the United States and for CO<indice>2</indice> in Europe ? have experienced delicate beginnings, with prices far below previous anticipations and very volatile. This paper attempts to explain this volatility ? due to over conformity to the pollution targets on...

The ?termination by mutual agreement? is a way for employer and employee to mutually agree for ending the labor contract. Officially, it permits to raise mutually beneficial agreements and to reduce the judge role (litigation?). First, what is at stake here is the bargaining capacity of the...

This research has been done in the context of the REPONSE (2010-2011) post survey. The interviews aimed at characterizing the companies' adjustment processes to the 2008 crisis and how they have been discussed, negotiated or forced by management direction. The methodology is built on two parts:...

Despite its increasing role in the economic theory, the externality concept seems to evade any attempt for a rigorous and consensual definition, and this from Meade's original article to Arrow's work. An externality is soon seen as an unpriced "direct interaction" but some of its a priori...