in tropical countries, where much of the land at the forest frontier is managed informally by smallholders and where …

This paper examines the implications of oil palm estate development in Indonesia’s frontier province of Papua …

international supply chains, it provides less analysis of the local production networks creating critical problems. Indonesia is now …

plantations, but smallholders are also involved significantly. We find that, in spite of significant oil palm expansion, rubber …We investigate land-use dynamics in Jambi, Sumatra, one of the hotspots of Indonesia’ recent oil palm boom. Data from a … remains the dominant crop. Most of the oil palm growth takes place on previous fallow and rubber land. Oil palm has not been a …

study approach, of tea, rubber, oil palm and cassava. Although the production of all these commodities was initiated in the … favored plantations and discriminated against smallholders in the colonial states, especially provision of cheap land and … changed so that by the end of the 20th century, smallholders overwhelmingly dominated perennial crop exports, except possibly …

, Indonesia, Malaysia and Sri Lanka - covers agricultural production, employment, working conditions of plantation workers, wages …, management, and public ownership or private ownership of tea, coffee, rubber, etc. Plantations; comments on labour legislation …

A simplified version of the BEAM Rubber Agroforestry Model is embedded in a dynamic economic model to examine the …

producers in Indonesia. Based on empirical data collected from smallholder rubber producers in the Nucleus Estate Smallholder …Diversified production systems are considered important tools for stabilizing the income of smallholder rubber … smallholder rubber production plantations. The dynamic optimization procedure is used as an evaluation technique. This study finds …