The signaling hypothesis suggests that firms have incentives to underprice their initial public offerings (IPOs) to signal their quality to the outside investors and to issue seasoned equity (SEO) at more favorable terms. While the initial empirical evidence on the signaling hypothesis was weak,...

The objective of this study is to compare fixed price and book building IPOs in terms of aftermarket performances. On a sample of 28 IPOs (15 book build and 13 fixed price) from 2004 to 2007, it is found that book built IPOs outperform fixed price IPOs, on the contrary to most of the studies...

In this study, I develop a model that describes underwriters' price-setting behavior during initial public offerings (IPOs). Because of reputational concerns during high valuation periods, top-tier underwriters adjust the initial offer price valuation to the lower, historical industry valuation....