In modern states, mobilization policy has been used to awaken people to new ideas such as national identity, industrial capitalism, and civic society. However, it has long been debated whether mobilization in new countries or in countries under reconstruction creates an integrated identity or...

The Philippines can be considered a country where successive governments have sought to create a single nation by implementing integration policies. In this article, two formal models are developed —the modernism model and the historicism (primordialism or essentialism) model — to...

<title>Abstract</title> This paper critically assesses Marshall's organic growth theory. Although Marshall insisted that economic biology is ‘the economist's Mecca,’ he did not originally develop the organic growth theory. However, we focus on the concept of ‘organic growth’ and explore Marshall's idea...