Stigma has been modeled in the literature as a cost of welfare participation, providing a disincentive to welfare entry …; hence, traditional models predict that stigma leads to higher search effort and higher employment. We develop a more … comprehensive model that accounts for the fact that welfare stigma may elicit psychological effects and foster negative attitudes …

this model has for stigma – such as fears of food contamination – we elicited the willingness-to-pay for two foods: a …