, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease. …

and childcare on estimates of income inequality and financial poverty in 23 European countries. The valuation of public … scale). Even though the ranking of countries by estimates of overall inequality and poverty proves to be only slightly … affected by the choice between the conventional EU scale and the NA scale, poverty estimates by household types are shown to be …