Since 1980s, credit policy has been promoted as an important mechanism in job creation, especially for women. However, some researchers have showed that although credit programs have significant potential for contributing to women’s wellbeing, yet, many women borrowers have limited control...

Most developing countries try to “reduce production costs” to be able to increase their exports to the competitive international markets. The process of economic globalization has winners and losers. Surging international trade has lowered the share of Iran's labour-intensive exports,...

The literature on organizational learning asserts that external learning is often limited geographically and technologically. We scrutinize to what extent organizations acquire external knowledge by accessing external knowledge repositories. We argue that professional service firms (PSFs) grant...

We investigate incidence and evolution of patent thickets. Our empirical analysis is based on a theoretical model of patenting in complex and discrete technologies. The model captures how competition for patent portfolios and complementarity of patents affect patenting incentives. We show that...