,and construct measures of polarization and fractionalization based on the cardinals’places of birth. The deaths of popes and … cardinals provide plausible exogenousvariation in the timing of the conclave and the composition of the Collegeof Cardinals …, which we exploit to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclaveon conflict. We find that an increase of one standard …

rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

main measures of ethnic heterogeneity are employed in the econometric literature on ethnic diversity and conflict: the Gini … heterogeneity or fractionalization index and the discrete polarization index. However, still no broad consensus is reached on which … distributional aspect of ethnic diversity is associated with the outbreak of conflict. In this paper we argue that the relative …

able to better identify the effect of ethnolinguistic polarization on the civil conflict in the country. We find that, for … each of our polarization indices, there is a positive effect on the conflict. The historical underpinnings of our indices …Polarization measures, that are used in examining the empirical relationship between ethnic divisions and violent …

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, we develop the measurement theory of polarization for the case in which … polarization indices that can be used to compare polarization across time or entities. Distribution-free statistical inference … results are also derived in order to ensure that the orderings of polarization across entities are not simply due to sampling …

In this paper we study a behavioral model of conflict that provides a basis for choosing certain indices of dispersion … as indicators for conflict. We show that the (equilibrium) level of conflict can be expressed as an (approximate) linear … function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due …

accompanied by polarization and violent conflict. We illustrate this point by describing the processes of land privatization in … communities, including the possibility of polarization. We find that the support of egalitarian norms is notably strong when new …, polarization is strongest when the group with the most lucrative opportunities comprises half the population. …

Theoretically, polarization is associated with a higher probability of social conflict. This paper, in a microeconomic … parameters associated with the concept of polarization. This study shows that under upward monotonic preferences, longer sets of … affiliations for each individual reduce polarization, whereas under downward monotonic preferences, longer sets of the so …