We examine the impact of internal and external R&D on labor productivity in a 6-year panel of 304 innovating firms. We … apply a dynamic linear panel data model that allows for decreasing returns to scale in internal and external R&D with a non …

This paper examines the direction of causality between Venture Capital (VC) and innovation (proxied by patents) in … Europe. We test whether causality runs from patents to VC by estimating a linear dynamic panel model and causality from VC to … patents by estimating a panel count model. Evidence from a European sample indicates that causality runs from patents to VC …