-specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence of an effect of the large reduction in incarceration rates on … research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime-prison effect that diminishes with the scale of …We evaluate the effect of perhaps the largest exogenous decline in a state's incarceration rate in U.S. history on …

punitiveness of criminal sanctions at 18 to estimate the deterrence effect of incarceration. Our analysis suggests a 2 percent … young offenders. …