This study develops a theoretical model to examine the effects of trade liberalization in an intermediate and final good framework, and constructs a spatial equilibrium model of apple and juice markets to quantify the effects of free trade.

In response to the USA blocking Mexican trucks from traveling to the inland part of the USA, Mexico imposed tariffs on US fresh apple exports. This study analyzes the impacts of the Mexican tariff on USA, Mexican and world apple markets by using theoretical analysis and developing a spatial...

type="main" xml:id="twec12146-abs-0001" <title type="main">Abstract</title> <p>US policies for its cotton producers depress world cotton prices, adversely affecting exporters such as Brazil, which filed a complaint to the WTO. Despite WTO rulings in Brazil's favour, meting out the right to enact retaliatory countermeasures,...</p>