firms, but there are greater variations in individual practice. On the other hand, their hourly labour costs are lower on … costs, and there was a reduction in expenditure on initial training. …

of 8 862 firms formed the basis for assessing the gender pay gap in the light of a) the staff costs per employee and b …) the costs per hour of work, in order to factor in the differences in working hours. Undertaken separately for employees … grades and in companies where male staff costs are higher on average than women’s wages, notwithstanding a higher average …

In this paper, we use firm-level data to analyse a firmÕs costs of recruiting apprentices in Germany. We find that … recruitment costs amount on average to 600 Euros per hire (approximately one month of apprentice pay), but costs are heterogenous … apprentices and a high degree of competition among training firms in the region increase recruitment costs. Furthermore, we find …

firms, but there are greater variations in individual practice. On the other hand, their hourly labour costs are lower on … costs, and there was a reduction in expenditure on initial training. …

Employment protection is often related to costs incurred by firms when they fire a worker. The stability of the … employment protection focusing on this trade-off between adjustment costs and productivity. We show that from a welfare point of …

Employment protection is often related to costs incurred by the firms when they hire a worker.The stability of the … employment protection focusing on this trade-off between adjustment costs and productivity.We show that from a welfare point of …