Based on observations <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$$X_1,\dots ,X_n$$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"> <math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> </EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of successive generations of a discrete-parameter Galton–Watson branching process, one wishes to predict whether extinction or explosion will ultimately occur. This problem can be formulated as a simple...</equationsource></equationsource></inlineequation>

This paper descriptively assesses the discipline of physicians by state medical boards, drawing on an extensive nationwide database of sanctions delivered during the period 1994-2002. We identify the frequency and severity of disciplinary actions, the offenses leading to actions, and the degree...