The purpose of this paper is to present a history and an evolution of concepts of risk and risk management in economic …, respectively financial fields, highlighting the usefulness (or not) and complexity of tools for risk assessment developed over time …. The main objective of risk management is to reduce costs and increase the value of company and stakeholders gains; also, a …

-making are concentrated in just a small number of decision-makers, these owner-managers will likely be more risk averse and thus … firm, we predict that firms with greater concentrations of ownership and control, and thus more risk averse managers, avoid …

. We investigate continuing clients because in recent years auditors have adopted a portfolio approach to risk management … that includes centralized risk-based screening. We propose that the absence of resignation signals that, despite its poor … performance, the continuing client has satisfied the auditor's unobservable risk-screening process. Therefore, the positive …