Due to the unobservability of the new credit production, most of the empirical loan market studies use, instead, the observable credit stock. This substitution has been pointed out to be likely to generate biases (e.g. see Lown and Peristiani (1996)). In this paper, we show that under quite...

In this paper we follow the recent empirical literature that has specified reduced-form models for price setting that are closely tied to (S, s)-pricing rules. Our contribution to the literature is twofold. First, we propose an estimator that relaxes distributional assumptions on the unobserved...

This paper provides new insights about the existence of expansionary fiscal consolidations in the Economic and Monetary Union, using annual panel data for 14 European Union countries over the period 1970-2012. Different measures for assessing fiscal consolidations based on the changes in the...