The external policies of the European Union may be viewed as the outcome of the interaction between the Member States, the European Community (acting in the context of the ‘first pillar’) and the European Union (acting on the basis of the second and third pillars). This tripartite...

The summer of 2014 saw an explosion of violence in the Middle East. Geopolitically, the advance of the Islamic State and the emergence of a de facto independent Iraqi Kurdistan are the most important recent developments. Any way out of the quagmire will now require a grand bargain – one that...