Currency debasement, defined as a loss of precious metal content (intrinsic value) of the circulating penny currencies over time, was a common feature in the monetary history of Europe, c. 1400–1900. Over the centuries the loss rate was sustained; between 1400 and 1900 A. D. the (south) German...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of the trade-weighted US dollar from 1973 to 2011 as a result of monetary policy. Design/methodology/approach – Relevant time series variables – the money supply, the federal funds rate, general financial conditions,...

The velocity of money usually rises in expansions and falls in recessions This paper explains this pro-cyclical movement of velocity using two ideas: (i) during business cycles the movement of investment and consumption of durable goods has a larger amplitude than consumption of non-durable...