We use US county level data (3,058 observations) from 1970 to 1998 to explore the relationship between economic growth and the extent of government employment at three levels: Federal, state and local. We find that increases in federal, state and local government employments are all negatively...

Managers of private entrepreneurial firms face obstacles in raising capital both in placing a value on a firm and conveying value to investors. These problems are exacerbated when the firm is small, has limited assets (except for human capital) and has yet to have a lead product. In such cases...

The differential benefits reaped by individual partners are a major determinant of the impact of strategic alliances on firm performance, and an important (dis)incentive for alliance partners to collaborate in value creation. Theoretically, however, we lack an explicit theory of intra-alliance...

This paper uses alliances to test theories of the firm within the context of the biopharmaceutical industry. I find that the allocation of control rights between pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms is sensitive to the bargaining position of both parties. In addition, biotechnology firms...

This paper analyzes the relationship between technology licensing and the effectiveness of patent protection. Using the 1994 Carnegie Mellon survey on industrial research and development (R& D) in the United States, we develop and test a simple structural model in which the patenting and...

Even though management consultants increasingly recommend that in-house research be outsourced, little is known about the conditions favoring substitution or complementarity between internal R&D and external technology acquisition. In this paper, we attempt to provide a deeper understanding of...

This article uses data on transactions in the pharmaceutical industry to examine the demand-side of technology outsourcing. By integrating a transaction--cost economics perspective with the analysis of internal R&D capabilities, we find that firms with relatively more cospecialized complementary...

type="main" <p>Management consultants increasingly recommend that internal R&D be outsourced; however, little is known about the substitution or complementarity between internal and external R&D. Through structural estimation of a flexible innovation production function we provide a deeper...</p>

We examine whether the introduction of a patent commons, a special type of royalty free patent pool available to the open source software (OSS) community influences new OSS product entry by start-up software firms. In particular, we analyze the impact of The Commons--established by the Open...