In 1924, The Morton Salt Company began nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt. Access to iodine, a key determinant of cognitive ability, rose sharply. We compare outcomes for cohorts exposed in utero with those of slightly older, unexposed cohorts, across states with high versus low...

El presente trabajo estudia la evolución de la profesionalización y la internalización de la dirección financiera en las empresas manufactureras españolas durante el periodo 1990-2006. Los datos, que provienen de la Encuesta de Estrategias Empresariales, muestran una clara tendencia hacia...

Why is R&D spending so low in Spanish firms? One possible answer may lie in a small contribution of innovative investments to value creation at the firm level. When pulling together complementary sources of spending data and related evidence to measure these investments, we observe that R&D is...