The Indonesian banking sector has recently suffered from bad debt and liquidity problems. The Indonesian banking crisis that has occurred since 1997 has impoverished bank’s performance and reduced shareholder wealth. The deterioration of bank performance with respect to bank as an...

Divergence of opinion causes market prices to differ from intrinsic values. Greater divergence of opinion results in larger bid/ask spreads. This study utilizes Miller’s theory (Miller, 1977) which states that differences between bid and ask prices (price spread) is caused by divergence...

This research addresses main question of the conditions of debt-constraint expropriation and debt-facilitate expropriation, and the difference between those conditions on type of group ownership (group or no group-affiliate). Agency theory predicts that debt is bonding and monitoring mechanism...