's markets for investment and credit. An ETPL's underlying is a standardised commercial bank loan. With loan issue it is ‘pieced …': parted into pieces of equal rights and size. A significant number of pieces is then retained by the loan issuing bank, while …. Standardisation and trading of ETPL assets allow for easier comparability, valuation and transferability of bank assets and encourage …

bank funding markets.Chinese Abstract: 作者们在本文中考量中国商业信用的准入及分配、提供给储户的投资选择以及中国的银行的有效融资选择。笔者强调由于银行把储户资金投入缺乏披露的表外贷款、遵循各类政治诱因、将中小企业及微小企业的借贷控制下放给影子金融家，从而导致的市场的内在缺陷、惊人的外部效应以及潜力巨大的道德风险。文章最终唤起对中国信贷、储蓄及银行融资市场的创新和实践改革的行动。 …

organizational adjustment of the State Council in March 2018, as a result of which the previous 'one bank, three commissions' changes … to 'one committee, one bank and two commissions'. The gist of this reform is to strengthen regulatory coordination …

their debt financing sources; (2) when firms facing higher information asymmetry problems employ more non-bank private debts … quality firms use more public debts, lower credit quality firms use more non-bank private debts; (5) firms with higher insider … ownership use less non-bank private debts. …