Increasingly sophisticated machinery, short product life-cycles, and demanding user requirements have increased competition in the machine tool market. Because all machine tool companies have limited resources, they must seek competitive advantages. Strategic collaborations have become...

English Abstract: Slack can prevent the substantive loss of enterprise suffering from the uncertainty, but it leads to inefficiency because of the large carrying cost. The ideal status is that the enterprise carries less slack and has the competency of response to the unexpected circumstances....