unrest or revolution, and this may force the elite to democratize. Democracy may not consolidate because it is more … redistributive than a nondemocratic regime, and this gives the elite an incentive to mount a coup. Because inequality makes democracy … more costly to the elite, highly unequal cocieties are less likely to consolidate democracy and may end up oscillating …

unrest or revolution, and this may force the elite to democratize. Democracy may not consolidate because it is more … redistributive than a nondemocratic regime, and this gives the elite an incentive to mount a coup. Because inequality makes democracy … more costly for the elite, highly unequal societies are less likely to consolidate democracy and may end up oscillating …

Regimes controlled by a rich elite often collapse and make way for democracy amidst widespread social unrest. Such … therefore be forced to choose between repression and the most generous concession, a transition to full democracy. …

An influential thesis often associated with De Tocqueville views social mobility as a bulwark of democracy: when … force making democracy less stable in societies with high social mobility: when the median voter expects to move up …

-fixed and time-fixed effects removes the statistical significance of income as a causal factor of democracy. We argue that their … reveals the strong effect of income on democracy. -- Democracy ; modernization hypothesis ; fixed-effects estimation …