The intuitionistic fuzzy differential equation (IFDE) is a robust mathematical tool that can deal with problems arising from model uncertainties. Intuitionistic sets are generalized sets of fuzzy sets. They establish that IFDE comprises an intuitionistic number characterized by membership and...

Neutrosophic sets are a generalization of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. They play an important role in addressing uncertainty, vagueness, and indeterminacy in problem-solving. Differential equations in a neutrosophic environment under Hukuhara differentiability are used to model the...

This study considers the classical Lotka-Volterra model for a prey-predator system with harvesting effort and catchability coefficients for both species incorporating a new prey-refuge parameter. Trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are considered to describe the initial values of the prey...