effect of spillovers on research productivity of firms exceeds the structural effect because it includes an active learning … expenditures and internal research expenditures. The findings are consistent with the view that learning expenditures transmit the …

effect on the research productivity offirms. Empirical support for the model is based on a survey of 220 industrialR …,internal research, spillovers, and output of the labs.Data reveal thatlearning accounts for 12 percent of the effect of R …&D, contributing topatents, internal research, and spillovers. Learning expenditures arespecific to particular spillovers: university R …