This paper reviews the performance of the euro area since the euro's launch 20 years ago. It argues that the euro … crisis has exposed existential flaws in the euro regime. Intra-area divergences and the corresponding buildup of imbalances … unemployment continue to plague euro crisis countries. Its huge current account surplus highlights that the euro currency union …

that the ECB may well stand out positively when compared to other important euro-area or national authorities involved in … managing the euro crisis, but that in general the bank did "too little, too late" to prevent the euro area from slipping into … excessively optimistic, and that proposals featuring the central bank as the euro’s savior through even more radical employment of …

The euro crisis remains unresolved even as financial markets may seem calm for now. The current euro regime is … the euro are assessed and found lacking. A "Euro Treasury" scheme operating on a strict rule and specifically designed not … to be a transfer union is proposed here as a condition sine qua non for healing the euro's potentially fatal birth …

institutional deficiencies share responsibility for the euro's failure, the bank has generally done "too little, too late" with … regard to managing the euro crisis, preventing protracted stagnation, and containing deflation threats. The bank remains … attached to the euro area’s official competitive wage-repression strategy, which is in conflict with the ECB's price stability …

interest rates together with the longer-term refinancing operations (LTROs) and the first covered bond purchase programme (CBPP …

bond markets in the euro area over the period January 1999 to July 2016. Second, we estimate the impact of ECB policy …