efficiency of universities in a fundamental way. Choosing Italy and Germany as two important illustrative examples we can take … recent literature exposes variations in their efficiencies. To gain insights into these differences we split the efficiency … method to measure efficiency, we separate short-term (transient) and long-term (persistent) efficiency, while controlling for …

economies. We also assess the efficiency of public spending in redistributing income by using a DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis …