or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … has been underestimated in the literature, as scholars typically use information about R&D, i.e. the sum of research … expenditure and development expenditure, due to data availability. However, in most industries only (applied) research will lead …

main focus is the direct impact of subsidies on R&D and the indirect effect on innovation output measured by patent …

research institutions enhance original innovation. … market (innovation). It turns out that spillovers from rivals lead to more imitation, while inputs from customers and …

, this paper examines the occurrence of IP litigation cases in Belgian firms using the 2013 Community Innovation Survey with … supplemental information on IP litigation and patent portfolios. The rich survey information regarding firms’ general innovation … imitation and incremental innovation. Our results indicate that when controlling for firms’ IP portfolio, the composition of …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …

innovation, i.e. weakly controlled managers show a higher innovation propensity. However, the higher the leverage the more …