policy choices do not matter for per capita economic growth. However, they do matter for output volatility and the medium …-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with lower output volatility while greater exchange rate … stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a country holds international reserves (IR) at a higher …

choices matter for output volatility and the medium-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with … lower output volatility while greater exchange rate stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a … inflation rate. We find that trilemma policy configurations affect output volatility through the investment or trade channel …

domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI), and the correlation between exchange rate volatility and investment … exchange rate volatility under a flexible exchange rate is shown to depend on the nature of the shocks. If the dominant shocks … correlation between exchange rate volatility and the level of investment …