We investigate how criminal organizations strategically use violence to influence elections in order to get captured … politicians elected. The model offers novel testable implications about the use of pre-electoral violence under different types of … rates in Italy since 1887, comparing the extent of 'electoral-violence cycles' between areas with a higher and lower …

) and explanations for these inequities (i.e., the deep-seated roots and long-lasting consequences of systemic racism) on …