undocumented immigrants to estimate its impact on these population's employment outcomes. Using 2013 through 2017 data from the …

Over the past two decades, the U.S. has seen a drastic growth in self-employment among Mexican immigrants, the largest … self-employment among other disadvantaged minority groups such as blacks and even a significant decline among whites … immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration …

that this effect is driven by a change in spousal preference. Both police-based and employment-based enforcement contribute …