We develop and apply a procedure to flexibly estimate intra-national border barriers and intra-regional trade costs … is rather small. Bilateral distance imposes much larger inter-provincial trade costs. Contiguity between provinces … accounts for little. Intra-regional trade cost variation affects relative bilateral costs and trade flows, and alters …

This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs --- what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …

This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs --- what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …

We develop and apply a procedure to flexibly estimate intra-national border barriers and intra-regional trade costs … is rather small. Bilateral distance imposes much larger inter-provincial trade costs. Contiguity between provinces … accounts for little. Intra-regional trade cost variation affects relative bilateral costs and trade flows, and alters …