lower calls prices. This was done by introducing wholesale regulation and promoting service based competition. Some years … retail minus or complete deregulation. -- access regulation ; vertical integration ; foreclosure ; price squeeze …

This paper looks at the effects of different forms of wholesale and retail regulation on retail competition in fixed … increases. We argue that a wholesale price regulation at average costs is not optimal in such a situation and discuss retail … minus and deregulation as potential alternatives. -- access regulation ; foreclosure ; margin squeeze ; telecommunications …