Consisting of the difference between an output indicator and an input indicator, the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen (LHM) productivity indicator allows straightforward interpretation. However, it requires estimation of distance functions that are inherently unknown. This paper shows that a simple...

This paper shows that the Bennet-Bowley profit indicator is an exact and superlative approximation of the additively complete Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator when the input and output directional distance functions can be represented up to the second order by a quadratic...