Many high technology goods are based on standards that require access to several patents that are owned by different IP holders. We investigate the royalties chosen by IP holders under different market structures. Vertical integration of an IP holder and a downstream producer solves the double...

Many high technology goods are based on standards that require several essential patents owned by different IP holders. This gives rise to a complements and a double mark-up problem. We compare the welfare effects of two different business strategies dealing with these problems. Vertical...

The infamous Blackberry case brought new attention to so-called 'patent trolls' and began the general association of trolls with 'non-practicing' patent holders. This has had important legal consequences: Namely, patent holders have been denied injunctive relief because they did not practice the...