Since the early 1980s, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their patenting and licensing activities. The Congressional Joint Economic Committee, among other authorities, have argued that this surge contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. And, many observers have...

Within the field of environmental economics, the role of technological change has received much attention. The long-term nature of many environmental problems, such as climate change, makes understanding the evolution of technology an important part of projecting future impacts. Moreover, in...

Recommended readings (Machine generated): Jan Fagerberg, Morten Fosaas and Koson Sapprasert (2012), 'Innovation: Exploring the Knowledge Base' -- Ben R. Martin (2013), 'Innovation Studies: An Emerging Agenda' -- Eric von Hippel (2005), 'Democratizing Innovation: The Evolving Phenomenon of User...