Empirically determining whether wage differentials arise because of discrimination is extremely difficult, and … distinguishing between different theories of discrimination is harder still. This paper exploits a number of unique features of a … against men. We test three competing theories for the voting behavior of women: preference-based discrimination, statistical …

Detecting racial discrimination using observational data is challenging because of the presence of unobservables that … may be correlated with race. Using data made public in the SFFA v. Harvard case, we estimate discrimination in a setting …