We study the relationships between corporate R&D and three components of public science: knowledge, human capital, and … established firms, which account for more than three-quarters of business R&D, is affected by scientific knowledge produced by … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …

This paper documents a shift in the nature of innovation in the information technology (IT) industry. Using … comprehensive data on all IT patents granted by the USPTO from 1983-2004, we find strong evidence of a change in IT innovation that … is systematic, substantial, and increasingly dependent on software. This change in the nature of IT innovation has had …

This paper empirically shows that innovation in Information Technology (IT) has become increasingly dependent on and … intertwined with innovation in software. This change in the nature of IT innovation has had differential effects on the …’s contribution in IT innovation and the differential innovation performance of US and Japanese electronics, semiconductors, and …

. In short, technology and knowledge are becoming definable and tradable commodities. Although researchers have made … significant advances in understanding the determinants and consequences of innovation, until recently they have paid little … attention to how innovation functions as an economic process. This book examines the nature and workings of markets for …

the 1990s. This enabled us to characterise several features of the innovation process in pharmaceuticals, particularly the …