The first purpose of this paper is to theorize on the kind of knowledge that firms need in order to upgrade. The second purpose is to discuss some specific ways to upgrade, especially given the problem of contextual knowledge that manufactures face. To understand upgrading among garment...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social construction of order in two adjacent markets in the production flow of the global garment industry. The consumer market is identified as a status market, while the production market is defined as a 'standard' market. In a status market, order...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the making of markets. The paper identifies two ideal-typical processes in which markets are made - organized making and spontaneous making - which are often combined in reality. Organized making is defined as a process in which at least two actors come...