manufacturing labor in urban locations. Labor supply responded and because of agglomeration economies, population density and the …During the nineteenth century the United States urbanized - the share of the population living in urban areas increased … - and industrialized - the share of the labor force in manufacturing increased. Our survey of the literature and analyses of …

shop to the mechanized factory led to "labor deskilling." Craft workers were displaced by mix of semi-skilled operatives …, unskilled workers, and a reduced force of mechanics to maintain the powered machines. Investigating the Department of Labor …'s 1899 Hand and Machine Labor Study using causal inference statistical techniques, we show the adoption of inanimate power …

part of the paper, we use the U.S. Department of Labor's 1899 "Hand and Machine Labor" study to argue that wage inequality … within manufacturing establishments rose over the nineteenth century, primarily because of increasing division of labor In …