that contrasts cross-country evidence on agglomeration benefits with the productivity impact of metropolitan governance … lower levels of productivity. The estimated elasticity for an increase in the number of local jurisdiction is 0.06, which is … literature that city productivity increases with city size with an elasticity in the range of 0.02 to 0.05. …

store specific information to estimate the impact on productivity of space and the specific effects of planning … restrictiveness on the productivity of retailing. It is the first paper to analyse the contribution of space to productivity and to … restrictiveness directly reduces productivity in retailing thereby increasing retail prices. …