The innovation of electric motorcycle swap-battery (EMSB) technology encourages the formation of a new ecosystem at the early stage of the supply chain. The EMSB technology has allowed an open innovation system with collaboration between supply-chain players, universities, and the government for...

The existence of intense competition in the global market has pressurized organizations to increasingly survive. Many universities strive to create technologies because of their enormous influence on the universities' development and values. However, the success of achieving this task is arduous...