In recent decades, market-opening policies in local public transport (LPT) have impacted most European countries. However, we can observe a high degree of variability in possible LPT arrangements, from public monopolies to open markets. This work addresses the following research question: How...

This paper deals with price--cap regulation of a monopolistic distribution grid which sells a license to some retailer. The sale of the license is a long--term incomplete contract. Both the grid and the licensee engage in relationship--specific investments before the value and costs of the...

This paper first presents various simple regulatory mechanisms, in particular Vogelsang and Finsinger's iterative mechanism and Shleifer's yardstick Regulation. Unfortunately, in practical applications of these simple mechanisms the regulated utility will be able to dodge the regulator's...